Estimated state of ocean for climate research Version:05a

Abbreviation: ESTOC

Data Overview

This version of dataset is an updated version of dataset shown by Osafune et al. (2015) (see them for more details). Our four-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) data synthesis system, which consists of an ocean circulation model, its adjoint and an optimization system, is based on a system developed as a part of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)-Kyoto University collaborative program (known as "the K7 consortium"). The Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) is version 3 of the GFDL Modular Ocean Model (MOM3) [1], which is equipped with several sophisticated schemes; e.g., Noh scheme for mixed layer physics [2], the Gent and McWilliams (GM) scheme for isopycnal mixing [3], and quicker advection scheme. In this version, two tidally-induced vertical mixing using the tidal energy distribution [4,5] are used for interior mixing below the surface mixed layer, and geothermal effect [6] is taken into account. Major physical parameter values are determined through a variational optimization procedure [7]. The horizontal resolution is 1o in both latitude and longitude, with 46 vertical levels spaced from 10 m near the sea surface to 400 m at the bottom. This model is better able to reproduce ocean circulation processes and is expected to form a platform suitable for the use of the 4D-VAR adjoint model.

Physical parameters:
4D-VAR adjoint data assimilation approach is applied [8,9]. The adjoint codes of the OGCM were obtained using the Tangent linear and Adjoint Model Compiler (TAMC) [10] and the Transformation of Algorithms in Fortran (TAF) [11]. In the 4D-VAR approach, optimized 4-dimensional datasets are sought by minimizing a cost function [12,13].
The assimilated elements in this dataset are subsurface temperature and salinity, Sea-surface Temperature (SST). The subsurface data is from EN4 dataset which was quality controlled using a comprehensive set of objective checks developed at the Hadley Centre of the UK Meteorological Office [14]. This dataset is largely composed of observations from the World Ocean Database 2009 [15] and supplemented by data from the GTSPP (Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program) and Argo autonomous profiling floats [16]. The SST data is from Reynolds and OISST, and SSHA data is derived from high-precision multi-satellite altimetry products distributed by Copernicus Marine Service. The GMSL data is monthly data until 2013, which is reconstructed based on Church and White (2011) and published by Ocean and Atmosphere unit in the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) (http://www.cmar.csiro.au/sealevel/sl_data_cmar.html). All observational data except for GMSL were averaged onto 1o by 1o bins and then compiled as series of 10-day means for the SST and SSHA data and monthly means for the subsurface and GMSL data. The control variables are surface fluxes (for net-heat, fresh water, and momentum), oceanic initial conditions, and five parameters in the tidally-induced mixing schemes. The assimilation window is 60 years during 1957-2016. The energy dissipation rate observation data are experimentally assimilated, but no significant cost reduction has been confirmed. 

  • [1] R. C. Pacanowski, S. M. Griffies, The MOM 3 Manual, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, USA, p.680 (1999).
  • [2] P. R. Gent, J. C. McWilliams, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150 (1990).
  • [3] Y. Noh, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23305 (2004).
  • [4] L. C. St. Laurent et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (2016), doi:10.1029/2002GL015633
  • [5] T. Hibiya et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03611 (2006).
  • [6] J. H. Davies, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, pp4608-4622 (2013).
  • [7] D. Menemenlis et al., Mon. Weath. Rev., 133, 1224 (2005).
  • [8] Y. Sasaki, Mon. Weather Rev., 98, 875(1970)
  • [9] C. Wunsch, The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 442 pp (1996).
  • [10] R. Giering, T. Kaminski, Recipes for Adjoint Code Construction, ACM Trans. On Math. Software, 24 (4), 437 (1998).
  • [11] R. Giering, T. Kaminski, Applying TAF to generate efficient derivative code of Fortran 77-95 programs, Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 2 (1), 54 (2003).
  • [12] J. Marotzke et al., J. Geophys. Res., 104, c12, 29529 (1999).
  • [13] D. Stammer et al., J. Geophys. Res., 107, C9, 3118 (2002).
  • [14] B. Ingleby, M. Huddleston, J. Mar. Sys., 65, 158 (2007).
  • [15] Boyer et al., World Ocean Database 2005, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 60, US Gov. Print. Off., Washington DC, (2006).
  • [16] Gould, Deep Sea Res., II, 52, 529 (2005)

Available Products

Variables, abbreviations Potential temperature [°C], tmp
Salinity [PSU], sal
Horizontal velocity u[m/s] v[m/s] w[m/s], vel
Surface heat flux [cal/m2/s], shf
Surface freshwater flux [m/s], sff
Wind stress τx[N/m2] τy[N/m2], tau
Vertical diffusivity for Pot. Temp. [m2/s], cbt1
Vertical diffusivity for Sal. [m2/s], cbt2
Region Quasi-global (75°S-80°N)
Resolution Horizontal 1°x1°, Vertical 46 levels
Period 1957-2016 (Ver. 05a)
File format Monthly data in netcdf format:
“k7oda_[XXX]_[YYYY][MM]00_[VVV].nc” where  “[XXX]” is model variable, “[YYYY]” year, “[MM]” month, and “[VVV]”version, respectively.

Data Citation

Please cite the following data and papers. “YYYY-MM-DD” is date of access.

Satoshi Osafune, Toshimasa Doi, Shuhei Masuda, Nozomi Sugiura, Tadashi Hemmi (2014) Estimated state of ocean for climate research (ESTOC). JAMSTEC. doi:10.17596/0000106 (accessed YYYY-MM-DD)

Osafune, S., S. Kouketsu, T. Doi, N. Sugiura, S. Masuda (2022) A global ocean state estimation using tidally induced vertical-mixing schemes, Ocean Modelling, 179, 2022, 202111, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2022.102111

Reference papers

Osafune, S., S. Masuda, N. Sugiura, T. Doi (2015) Evaluation of the applicability of the Estimated State of the Global Ocean for Climate Research (ESTOC) data set, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 12, 4903–4911.

Doi, T., S. Osafune, N. Sugiura, S. Kouketsu, A. Murata, S. Masuda, and T. Toyoda (2015) Multi-decadal change in the dissolved inorganic carbon in a long-term ocean state estimation, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 7, 4, 1885–1990.

Update History

2022-10-13
Ver.05a has been published.